Master of Business Administration – Semester

Linear programming Is a specific case of mathematical programming (mathematical optimization). More formally, linear programming is a technique for the optimization of a linear objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints. (b) A toy company manufactures two types of dolls, a basic version doll- A and a deluxe version doll-B. Each doll of type B takes twice as long to produce as one of type A, and the company would have time to make maximum of 1000 per day. The supply of plastic Is sufficient to produce 1000 dolls per day (both A & B combined).The deluxe version requires a fancy dress for which there are only 500 per day available. If the company makes a profit of RSI 3. 0 and RSI 5 per doll, respectively on doll A and B, then how many of each doll should be produced per day in order to maximize the total profit. Formulate this problem. Mans. Let XSL and XX be the number of dolls produced per day of type A and B, respectively. Let the A require t hr s. So that the doll B require at hrs. So the total time to manufacture XSL and XX dolls should not exceed 20th hrs. Therefore, + text s 20th Other constraints are simple.Then the linear programming problem becomes: Maximize p = ex. ; 5 XA Subject to restrictions, XSL + XX 1500 (Plastic constraint) XX 600 (Dress constraint) And non-negatively restrictions 2. What are the advantages of Linear programming techniques? Mans. Advantages-? 1 . The linear programming technique helps to make the best possible use of available productive resources (such as time, labor, machines etc. ) 2. It improves the quality of decisions. The individual who makes use of linear programming methods becomes more objective than subjective. 3.It also helps in providing better tools for adjustment to meet changing conditions. 4. In a production process, bottle necks may occur. For example, in a factory some machines may be in great demand while others ay lie idle for some time. A significant advantage of linear programming is highlighting of such bottle necks. 5. Most business problems involve constraints like raw materials availability, market demand etc. Which must be taken into consideration. Just we can produce so many units of product does not mean that they can be sold. Linear programming can handle such situation also. 3.Write a note on Monte-Carlo simulation. Mans. Simulation is also called experimentation in the management laboratory. While dealing with business problems, simulation is often referred to as ‘Monte Carlo Analysis'. Two American mathematicians, Von Neumann and Ulna, in the late sass found a problem in the field of nuclear physics too complex for analytical solution and too dangerous for actual experimentation. They arrived at an approximate solution by sampling. The method they used had resemblance to the gambler's betting systems on the roulette table, hence the name ‘Monte Carlo' has stuck.Imagine a betting game where the stakes are based on correct pre diction of the number of heads, which occur when five coins are tossed. If it were only a question of one coin; most people know that there is an equal likelihood of a head or a tail occurring, that is the probability of a head is h. However, without the application of probability theory, it would be difficult to predict the chances of getting various numbers of heads, when five coins are tossed. Why don't you take five coins and toss them repeatedly.Note down the outcomes of each toss after every ten tosses, approximate the probabilities of various outcomes. As you know, the values of these probabilities will initially fluctuate, but they would tend to stabilize as the number of tosses are increased. This approach in effect is a method of sampling, but is not very invention. Instead of actually tossing the coins, you can conduct the experiment using random numbers. Random numbers have the property that any number is equally likely to occur, irrespective of the digit that has alread y occurred.

Clairant Marketing

We are also thankful to Mr.. Oman Patella 0 for his help and valuable Insights Into Strategic Management at Claimant Pakistan Limited. Mr.. Patella, a very dedicated individual, is a competent and proactive professional at analyzing the implications of Claimant's competitive strategic framework on each of the business' operations. He provided us with every detail about Clangors corporate strategic activities and how they are aligned with the core competencies of the company.Without his time and help, it would have been impossible for us to prepare this report. Sincerely, Amber Alicia Ham Named Virus Mason Razz Mohammad Moms Useful Gaga students of ABA (HON.) Institute of Business Management, Karachi. Letter of Transmittal Mr.. Abdul Qatar Mollie Institute of Business Management Koran Creek Karachi – 75190 Pakistan Date: 18th April, 2013 Dear Mr.. Mollie: Management in Claritin Pakistan Limited† as authorized by you.The purpose of this report is to examine how Claritin Pa kistan Limited manages its strategic activities at the corporate as well as the business level. The project report is a comprehensive outline of Claimant's strategic mission, the competitive strategies it has developed to enhance its core competencies, the macro-economic analysis that it conducts for scanning the various environmental threats/pressures, the strengths and opportunities it effectively utilizes and the weaknesses and threats it counter- balances.The group members were immensely excited to work on this project since in a few months' time we will all be part of the work force and will be concerned with these strategic tasks employed in the organization at the basic level of an individual employee. With much effort and diligence all the work was divided equally amongst us. We prepared a questionnaire which contained a list of questions regarding Strategic analysis, development and execution. We then met a representative of Claritin Pakistan Limited, Mr.. Oman Patella 0 wh o responded to our list of questions diligently.Later different parts of the report were asked to be written by each group member. While working on this report we observed the amount of energy, thought process and effort that goes behind into making an organization strategically competitive in its industry We are grateful to you for teaching us the important aspects of Strategic Management, for helping us whenever we needed your assistance and believing in us to complete this report in the best possible manner by fulfilling our capabilities. Contents 1 Objective To conduct Claimant's organizational analysis in the light of the chemical industry.To achieve this objective a broad environmental analysis needs to be conducted in order to recognize the external opportunities and threats along with internal strengths and weaknesses. This would allow us to improvise their existing strategies and suggest recommendations. 2 Industry Definition At present there are nearly 30 Chemical companie s having the total paid-up Capital of RSI. L . 7 billion. Most of them have shown remarkable progress in their sales in the recent years such as Fuji Fertilizer, Icily Pakistan, Negro Chemical, Atwood Hercules,Claritin Pakistan, Sitars Chemical Colgate Palmolive, Berger Paints, BOCA Pakistan, Sins Alkalis, Dyne Pakistan, are considered as market leaders in the field of Chemical Industry in Pakistan. The rapid industrialization resulting in the large increase in chemical consuming products has enlarged the demand of all types of chemicals in the country. Chemical Industry in Pakistan has gradually developed to its present stage and has played a vital part in the development of the country and will continue to do so in future with more foreign investment.The Chemical Industry produces a arioso range of products such as polyester fiber, sodium carbonate, PVC, Soda Ash, PTA, Pharmaceutical, Paints, Fertilizer, Insecticides, Petrol-Chemical and other Chemicals. Chemical industry in Pakis tan is widespread. The chemical imports constitute about 17% of the total import bill. Pakistan has made considerable progress in basic inorganic chemicals like Soda Ash, Caustic Soda, Sulfuric Acid and Chlorine and has acquired sufficient production capacity of these chemicals to cater for the needs of the local industry, while surplus is being exported. 2 Even then there are some challenges to be countered. The chemical industry of Pakistan is lagging behind due to some challenges. The main challenge is that it has to rely on its imports and foreign materials. It does not benefit the economy and results in production of expensive products. Secondly lack of industrial infrastructure and technology in Pakistan results in low quality products which do not mark the standard. Moreover the discriminatory approach of international community does not integrate the Pakistan market into the international economy and Pakistani products are not given access to the international market.Moreove r the lack of resources and weak trade policies of the ministries also result in the weakening of chemical industry. In order to enhance the chemical industry Pakistan must adopt the policy of â€Å"self-reliance†. Instead of relying on foreign designs and engineering it must improve its own production and ensure high quality of chemical products. Pakistan must work towards integrated approach. It must bring four worlds of a society together which are traders, universities, research and development and production partners.This will bring innovation and must utilize its youth which has rest minds and great ideas to enhance the chemical industry resulting in qualitative and quantitative perfection in the chemical products. Pakistan is capable of producing high technological products all it needs is a little bit of effort in improvement of administrative capabilities and induction of new technology and support from government to put things in order. 3 Company Background and Info rmation 3. History Claritin was formed in 1995 as a spin off from the chemical company Sanded, which was itself established in Basel in 1886. Through their direct lineage, Claritin have massed knowledge and experience of chemistry and industry spanning approximately 150 years. Claritin expanded through the incorporation of the specialty chemicals business of Hooch's (Germany) in 1997, and the acquisitions of BIT Pl (I-J) in 2000 and Saba's Master batches division in 2006.In 2008, it acquired the leading U. S. Colorado suppliers Rite Systems and Ricoh Colors. The latest acquisition, the highly-innovative specialty chemicals company SÃ'Ëœd-Chemic (Germany), was completed on 21 April 2011. Additives Catalysis & Energy Emulsions, Detergents & Intermediates Functional Materials Industrial & Consumer Specialties Leather Services Masturbates Oil & Mining Services of specialty chemicals and application solutions for consumer care and industrial markets.Textile dyes include disperse, reactiv e, direct, acid and sulfur dyes. The textile business encompasses special chemicals for pretreatment, dyeing, printing and finishing of textile. Optical brightener and chemicals for special treatment are also the part of the range. Moreover, textile region also include water based application of the emulsion for the paint and the construction industry. Paper business supplies paper dyes, optical brightener and process and pulping chemicals.Leather region produces chemicals for finishing and complete range of wet-end chemicals. The Consumer Care segment includes the Personal Care business which, among others, develops and produces specialty ingredients for skin and hair care, wet wipes and selected pharmaceutical applications. They supply all relevant information and advice for safer use, handling, labeling, storage, and disposal of our products as a part of Claimant's commitment to sustainability and product stewardship to best meet customer needs.Industrial & Home Care business hel ps customers gain a competitive advantage with its product range for household cleaning fluids, disinfectants, industrial and hospital cleaning solutions Claritin, as a world leader in the field of specialty chemicals, is fully committed to sustainable operation and development in all business activities. It develops and offer products and applications that allow for use of the product during its whole life cycle helping to avoid risk to employees, customers, the public and environment.Claritin has signed the Global Responsible Care Charter as our commitment to Sustainability. It is the chemical industry voluntary initiative to continuously improve health, safety and environmental performance, and to communicate with all stakeholders through the supply chain. This enables Claritin to make a strong contribution to Sustainable Development through the Responsible [email  protected] ethic and the Global Product Strategy targets which promote the safer use of chemical products and enha nce product stewardship throughout the whole supply chain.Their comprehensive product stewardship approach includes cooperation and partnership with Claimant's suppliers Claritin is aware that the energy issue is one of he key challenges of today's and future society and industry. Claritin highlights energy efficiency and savings as the most cost-effective and fastest way to reduce CO and other emissions and increase security of supply. 3. 3 Mission Statement Our mission clearly expresses what is important to us and what we stand for – as a brand and as a company. We build leading positions in the businesses we are active in and we adopt functional excellence as part of our culture.We create value through appreciating the needs of: our customers – by providing competitive and innovative our environment our shareholders by acting sustainable – by achieving above-average returns 4 Porters Five Forces 4. 1 Bargaining Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of suppl iers is low. Claritin is a chemical manufacturing firm; they make chemicals used in different sectors like textiles, oil & gas, mining, dyeing etc. Claritin does not have a particular supplier for its raw materials; the Company buys raw material from different suppliers.The planning department is responsible for planning of the units of raw material to be purchased based on the market forecast. The procurement then takes prices from approved suppliers and then laces an order to the supplier who gives the lowest deal on the purchase. The bargaining power of suppliers is low as there are many suppliers in the market and they cannot charge a high price otherwise they would lose business to their competitors. Yes (+) moderate No (-) 1 . My inputs (materials, labor, supplies, services, etc. Are standard rather than unique or differentiated. 2. I can switch between suppliers quickly and cheaply. 3. My suppliers would find it difficult to enter my business or my customers would find it dif ficult to perform my function in-house. 4. I can substitute inputs readily. 5. I have many potential suppliers. 7. My cost of purchases has no significant influence on my overall costs 4. 2 Bargaining Power of Buyers The bargaining power of buyers is high in the chemicals industry as the buyers have many choices from where they can purchase their products from.Claimant's consumer markets include automobiles, candles, cosmetics, detergents, latex, stationery, as well as finishers for aluminum and leather. Claimant's buyers are aware of the need for information and Claritin helps its customers through the technical service centre. But this does not undermine the fact that other local chemical industries are also major players in the market so similar products are available, and buyers do not really incur a switching cost when changing where to purchase from. To what extent are your customers locked into you?No effect 1) Are there a large number of buyers relative to the number of firm s in the business? 2) Do you have a large number of customers, each with relatively small purchases? 3) Does the customer face any significant costs in switching suppliers? 4) Does the buyer need a lot of important information? 5) Is the buyer aware of the need for additional information? 7) Your customers are not highly sensitive to price. ) Your product is unique to some degree or has accepted branding? 9) Your customer's businesses are profitable. 0) You provide incentives to the decision makers. 4. 3 Rivalry among the Competitors Threat of competitors is high. 1 . The industry is growing rapidly. (Not so rapidly due to Energy constraints) 2. The industry is not cyclical with intermittent overcapacity. 3. The fixed costs of the business are relatively low portion of total costs. 5. The competitors are diversified rather than specialized. 6. It would not be hard to get out of this business because there are no specialized kills and facilities or long-term contract commitments etc. 7.My customers would incur significant costs in switching to a competitor. 8. My product is complex and requires a detailed understanding on the part of my customer. 9. My competitors are all of approximately the same size as I am. 4. 4 Threats of Substitutes Threat of substitutes is high. 1 . Substitutes have performance limitations that do not completely offset their lowest price. Or, their performance is not Justified by their higher price. 2. The customer will incur costs in switching to a substitute. 4. Your customer is not likely to substitute. . 5 Threats of New Entrants The threats of new entrants are high. 1 . Do large firms have a cost or performance advantage in your segment of the industry? 2. Are there any proprietary product differences in your industry? 3. Are there any established brand identities in your industry? 4. Do your customers incur any significant costs in switching suppliers? 5. Is a lot of capital needed to enter your industry? 6. Is serviceable used equ ipment expensive? 7. Does the newcomer to your industry face difficulty in accessing distribution channels?

Effective Corporate Governance- Developing an Effective Board or Essay

Effective Corporate Governance- Developing an Effective Board or Governance Team Academic Book - Essay Example governance†, the readers need to know who the members of the board of directors are including how these people are different from the executive members of a corporation (Daily and Schwenk; Pound, p. 94). Basically, making the target audiences know who we are referring to as the members of the board of directors will make it easier for them to understand internal and external factors that contributes to effective corporate governance. (Kindly insert an organizational chart in this chapter) After discussing the members of the top management in Chapter II, this chapter will focus of discussing the role and responsibilities of each members of the board. As part of discussing the role and responsibilities of the board of directors and executives of a corporation, highlighting some possible case scenarios may help the readers have a better understanding of effective corporate governance. The book writer will discuss the role of executive and non-executive directors in terms of making the business objectives work for the best interests of the company. (Mallin, p. 125) For example: Since the best way for executive and non-executive directors to perform their duty effectively is to have an access to the company’s business information (Waldo, p. 5), the board of directors should not only carefully analyze the corporate financial report but also meet the team members regularly to discuss the proposed strategic plans and issues that will significantly affect the success of the business (Solomon, p. 103). This chapter will discuss the following: (1) importance of corporate leadership among the members of the top management; (2) importance of having a third party check for any signs of unusual business practices in the financial statement; (3) importance of establishing an organizational culture that give priority to teamwork as well as ethical, fair and legal

Marketing Issue Concerning Positioning Strategy of Clean Edge Essay - 37

Marketing Issue Concerning Positioning Strategy of Clean Edge - Essay Example Considering this problem, Randall, the one given the authority to take charge of positioning strategy of Clean Edge has to find alternative courses of actions then analyze them well and choose the probable best among them. The entire problem highlights the idea of marketing issue concerning positioning strategy of Clean Edge. It talks about the point whether it is good to pursue its launching in the market knowing that it could somehow compete with company’s bread and butter such as Paramount Pro and Avail. The company might be a bit hesitant to pursue this issue as there are required data needed to be unearthed prior to the actual decision-making process. Thus, it is not enough to rely on the point that the customers are becoming sophisticated, knowing what they exactly need in the advent of technological advancement. For this reason, Randall, on behalf of the Paramount should consider investigating alternative courses of actions. One alternative course of action is to launch Clean Edge as a niche product within a year or two, which has to be the indicated period of the market trial. For this reason, he has to consider conducting economic analysis in order to be sure about the output. This part icularly would take into account some probable impacts such as the cannibalization effect. So a profit-loss pro forma is necessary in order to find out Clean Edge’s performance and its potential impact on the current profit Paramount’s top products are generating. It is not easy to decide right away. What Randall requires is a thorough market research on this issue taking into account the associated economic analysis and a benefit-loss analysis. In order for Paramount to grow more, it has to significantly analyze the product life cycle of its top products and the extent to which customers are becoming sophisticated with the latest innovations in technology.  

Breach of EU Directive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Breach of EU Directive - Essay Example Breach of EU Directive In the year 2005, Grant enrolled at the Sunderland University, and resorted to consuming carrot juice, in order to cope up with the heavy academic demands of university work. She was compelled to remain awake throughout the night on a regular basis, and this made her a regular consumer of a particular brand of carrot juice, namely, Hyperbunny. Grant purchased this from the Zen hypermarket; and the latter procured this product from an organic cooperative Juump AG, located in Germany. On the 1st of November, 2010, Grant was diagnosed with nibline poisoning. She had completed her Master’s Degree, just before this diagnosis. She was also informed that nibline poisoning was incurable and that it would render her permanently incapable of working. A perusal of the medical evidence, disclosed that her ailment was the result of consuming Hyperbunny carrot juice, which was seen to contain 10mg of nibline per litre. A much harried and desperate Grant made considerable study into the circumstances responsible for her debilitating condition, and discovered that the UK government had failed to implement directive 2004/222. This permitted the sale of carrot juice with even 10mg of nibline per litre. In order to advise Grant, regarding her rights against the UK Government, manufacturers of Carrot juice, Zen Hyper Market and others, the relevant EC law in respect of the proper implementation of Directives, by the Member States has to be examined.

Blood pressure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Blood pressure - Assignment Example 298). Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood the heart can pump with each beat. Cardiac output and blood pressure have direct correlation thus, the more blood the heart can pump, the greater is the cardiac output, leading to increase blood pressure. The same correlation applies to blood volume or the amount of blood in the blood vessels at any given time. Thus, a decrease in blood volume will lead to decrease blood pressure, and vice-versa. Resistance to blood flow is another factor affecting blood pressure and pertains to how hard it is for the blood to flow through the vessels. A narrowed blood pressure will increase the resistance to blood flow leading to increase blood pressure. Likewise, a widened blood vessel will decrease the resistance to blood flow leading to decrease blood pressure. Carterand Lewsen (2005) also identified influencing factors of blood pressure such as age, gender, and race (p. 298). Normal and abnormal blood pressures are determined through systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure readings. Systolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood during heart contraction while diastolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted by blood during heart relaxation (Rosdahland Kowalski, 2008, p. 523). Blood pressure is measured in milimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and the normal blood pressure is

Identify and Critically Evaluate Ecotourism Essay

Identify and Critically Evaluate Ecotourism - Essay Example Moreover, less developed countries want to join tourism fever and appeal for investors to get money to their countries. This is where the roots of ecotourism come from. Though ecotourism is rather new field of human activity and it has not still been discovered if it is an aspect of mass tourism or an independent phenomenon of human activity. The interest of the world’s community to indigenous cultures and remote lands predict a great success to ecotourism. Further research is focused on considering ecotourism as aspect of nature based tourism. People are anxious about overall industrialization and technocratic society. They want to overcome their alienation from nature. Ecotourism is a perfect alternative to mass tourism that â€Å"frequently led to resource depletion and negative impacts on the values of local people and their cultural heritage. Pollution and over use, which degraded the beauty of many of the sites, became common occurrences† (Parks and Allen, 2009). Moreover, an important role of ecotourism can be explained by its main advantage – to preserve indigenous nature and remote land. Therefore, a public attention to nature preservation is determined in the framework of recycling programs, emissions reduction laws and regulations and development of nature preservation programs on the global level. ... The root of the problem lies deep inside the appearance of ecotourism as a separate field (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). The term ecotourism appeared in the academic literature in the middle of 80s. Currently, it is a specific field of studies in tourism and a separate sphere of activity that is differentiated from tourism as such. Sometimes ecotourism is perceived in the framework of an alternative tourism (Blamey, 1997; 2001). Therefore, conventional mass tourism may be interpreted as an external environment for ecotourism development. The main part of ecotourism niche is set by different private sector businesses (ecotour operators) and corresponding alternative attractions (e.g. cableways and submarines that make an access to different inaccessible easier). Thus, there is a need for alternative operators and firms mediating ecotourism (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). A level of businesses involved in ecotourism ranges from private small businesses to large transnational corporations. Anoth er important and wide-spread model of ecotourism is community-based model of service provision in this sphere (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). A specific nature of ecotourism raises specific issues for ecotourism operators’ considerations. These are accessibility and low costs of natural resources. From different perspectives, scientists and researchers have found different peculiarities of ecotourism development. In accordance with Donohoe & Needham (2006), the example of South African ecotourism supports the fact that cooperation of ecotourism operators with small communities is a perfect way to reach an enormous success in this sphere of activity. Further on, it is underlined that the more competitive clusters within ecotourism exist, the more successful this sphere is (Blamey,

Criticism of Absorption Cost System Math Problem

Criticism of Absorption Cost System - Math Problem Example As common sense would have it, fixed cost remains fixed no matter what the level of production is. Hence, in such a case managers often tend to over produce thinking it’s better to allocate the fix overhead over a wider range of output and reducing the cost per unit (since spreading fixed cost over greater units tends to drive down fixed cost per unit and when fixed costs per unit go down then so does the overall costa per unit), thus seeking an increase in profit per unit of output. The lower fixed cost per unit does of course increase the level of profitability. But a couple of factors need to be considered while making the overproduction decision. While over producing tends to allocate fixed cost over a greater units of output, we need to see whether we really need to over produce. Many factors would need to be considered including the demand for the excess produce, storage and handling costs, cash flow situation etc. There would be no point going for over production if the re is no sales market for additional units or the storage costs are high as such a step might actually cost more than the saving done by allocating the fixed overheads on excessive production. It also needs to be considered that what would happen to the excess inventory that would be produced. If the company has not taken care of the market conditions and consequently it produces in excess of its projected sales, then such an exercise would result in excessive stock piling. Clearly the company wouldn’t be profitable in such a scenario. Another key question that needs to be answered is whether the incentive to overproduce allows over producing stock irrespective of stock piling or storage conditions. The excessive inventory that would be produced would be visible to everyone, reflected on managerial accounts as well as in the company’s audited financial statements. It is no doubt important for managers and decision makers to consider here whether the allocation of fixed overheads provides an incentive to overproduce or not. However the danger reflected by the incentive to over produce should not be made the basis of decision making about the allocation of the fixed overheads. I agree with your view that over production results in excess inventory. Yes, sometimes it does happen that excessive production is done at the year-end so that the production costs can be driven down and financial statements are efficiently window dressed to show a good position of the company. However you need to know that there are some products that take a lot of time to be produced and their fixed costs are extremely high. In such a case, I personally think that over production is justified provided there are adequate storage facilities and there is an active sales market. Student’s Response: â€Å"In my experience allocations which are confined to fix overhead is the catalyst to overproduce a less than desirable product. There are two things that definitely go w rong. 1. When management have an incentive to decrease the cost of product, usually this is a force step toward decrease quality of all resource used to make a final product with less capital and in less time.

Holistic Care of Older Adults Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Holistic Care of Older Adults - Research Paper Example cant events Relationships Work and home Summary statements Organization/quality (Total 10 points) Older adult identified with initials only (2 points) Key information present (7 points) Well-organized/brief (maximum 1 page) (1 point) Sketchy, missing some information (5 points) Older adult’s name used (0 points) Missing critical information (2 points) Lacks continuity or is too wordy/long (0 points) Analysis of Life Review Goal and benefits of Life Review Similarity to remembering Difference from remembering Erikson Developmental Stage Description of client Ego integrity rating (1-10) Rationale for rating Citations regarding Erikson’s theory (Total 45 points) 4+ benefits (10 points) Comparison with 2+ examples (10 points) Contrast with 2+ examples (6 points) Theory with 2 specific examples (10 points) Rating present and plausible (3 points) Rationale clear from example (3 points) 1+ reference in text (3 points) 2-3 benefits (7 points) Comparison with 1 example (5 points ) Contrast with 1 example (3 points) Theory with 1 specific example (8 points) 0-1 benefits (0-2 points) Comparison without examples (3 points) No comparison (0 points) Contrast without examples or no contrast (0 points) Loose connection between theory and client (3 points); Missing description of theory or no connection (0 points) Rating missing or implausible (0 points) Rationale unclear or example missing (0 points) No references in text (0 points) Reflections Value and reason Most significant point of interview Difficult/anguishing part Impact on clinical practice Personal legacy (Total 14 points) Statement(s) with 1+ reason(s) (3 points) Example(s) with 1+ reason(s) (3 points) Example(s) with 1+ reason(s) or statement of none (3 points) Example(s) with 1+ reason(s) (3 points) Definition,... D.A. is an 88 year old white male living with his wife and two grandsons in Forest Hill, Texas. He was born in Anniston, Alabama the third born of four children. After the demise of his father, D.A’s mother moved them to Abilene, Texas. His childhood was tough following his father’s demise and his mother lack of a better job. His education, however, was secured due to his best grades, which landed him several scholarships. He became a high school teacher in Abilene, where he also met his wife and was blessed with three children. He had not experienced significant illness in his life apart from one time when he was diagnosed with Tuberculosis at age 63, but he was able to get the right treatment. Aside from his childhood family struggles D.A. is content that, he has lived a good and successful life. Analysis of the Life Review Interview Through science, we are able to learn that the human body undergoes various changes as we age. This knowledge is necessary to the nursing profession as it offers more information on how nursing care should be assessed, planned, and delivered (Nursing Center, 2013). In the current health care setting, nurses are caring for more adults, aged 65 and above, more than any other age group. This situation, therefore, requires that more nurses be equipped with extra knowledge and skills; to be able to care for this population. This however poses a huge problem as less than one percent of nurses are taught these skills in school (Nursing Center, 2013).

Industrial Research Paper on employment agencies and staffing agencies

Industrial on employment agencies and staffing agencies - Research Paper Example The performance and the industry’s trends are presented so that the role of the specific industry in the development of the local economy is made clear. The employment agencies of a well developed region of US, Boston, are also presented in order to show whether these agencies can perform high both at local and at national level. 2. Employment and staffing agencies in US – overview and characteristics Employment and staffing agencies have a critical role in the development of the US economy. The 10 largest employment and staffing agencies in US are presented in Table 1 (Appendix); in the above Table companies are ranked according to the revenue of their staff for the year 2011. In the particular table it is made clear that the variety of areas covered is the key criterion for employment agencies operating nationwide while at local level specialization seems to be more important, as in the case of Boston analyzed below. According to a report published by the American Sta ffing Association, the employment and staffing agencies operating across US help towards the hiring of about 12.9 million of people annually (American Staffing Association, Staffing Statistics 2012). It is also noted that the high majority of staff identified through these agencies is full time staff, at a percentage of about 79% (American Staffing Association, Staffing Statistics 2012). ... On the other hand, businesses value employment and staffing agencies because these agencies are able to offer to employers the chance to identify staff that will be more appropriate for a permanent role but also because these agencies are the most appropriate solution for identifying staff during busy periods (American Staffing Association, Staffing Statistics 2012). It should be noted that during the recent financial crisis, the employment and staffing agencies in US helped towards the stabilization of economy, contributing in the hiring of 786,000 people from 2009 to 2012 (American Staffing Association 2012). Still, the consequences of the recession on the industry’s performance have been severe being characterized by ‘the loss of about 1.2 million jobs in the particular industry during the first 18 months of the crisis’ (American Staff Association 2012). In the future, the industry’s firms could face the market’s challenges by focusing on temporar y and part-time roles that are highly popular, compared to the permanent positions (Rossheim 2012). 2a. Staffing agencies in Boston In Boston, there is increased need for staff specialized on particular subjects. Reference is made, especially to the tech sector but also to the finance and accounting sector. The area’s job market seems to offer many prospects to appropriately qualified candidates; still, the identification of these candidates is quite problematic, as revealed through the article of Farrell (2012). Most employment agencies operating in Boston are characterized as ‘client-intimate’ (Shaheen 2012), meaning that each staffing agency focuses on the promotion of interests of employers; in other words, in Boston ‘employers are considered as

School Uniforms Essay Example for Free

School Uniforms Essay Uniforms in the School Environment: Can Clothing Really Effect Your Education? Going to public schools all my life, I heard the gossip of fashion and whose wearing what,pretty much everyday; at least in the four years of high school where it seemed that looks mattered the most. As people grow up, the way they present themselves becomes more and more important. Leaving a good mark in high school means a lot to some people, and some are ready to do whatever it takes to make that mark, whether it be putting someone down for their clothing or being an individual and not caring what others think of you or what your wearing. Having friends from middle school that branched out and went the alternative route; private schools, one of the first things that came back to me from them was how much easier it was to having a uniform to wear to school. Going to a school where uniforms are strictly enforced can help to create a better learning environment. Having uniforms would call for a lot less distraction in the classroom, there would be much more time for homework and there would not be as many problems concerning the wear of inappropriate clothing to take away from school time. A quote from the essay, The Achievement of Desire, by Richard Rodriguez fits particularly well in this essay. Get all the education you can, with an education you can do anything. This just doesnt seem like the main idea to many kids anymore and I think that uniforms would help to bring that thought back into a lot of our heads. I know that the idea of wearing a uniform repulses many people, but when broken down, school uniforms really do seem like the way to go. If it was a requirement to wear a uniform to school, there would be many more kids paying attention in classes. Looking around the classroom at what other kids are wearing is a great way to make time fly by. If everyone was wearing the same things, then the distraction of different clothing would be eliminated. Many people worry that uniforms would take away the opportunity for kids to be who they are or who they want to be, but I feel as though wearing uniforms would simply force kids to show their individualism in ways outside of fashion and appearance. When looking at an Opinion Board on the internet I came across the idea that visually uniforms result in a more equal and adult treatment of students, eliminating any idea that one student is being favored over another. Visually, all students were equal. They appeared equal which resulted in more equal treatment from both peers and teachers alike. When a student looks presentable, they will not only be treated as a student, but as an equal, which I feel both students and teachers would benefit from. In the essay, The ? Banking Concept of Education,written by Paulo Freire, there were two types of education discussed. Bankingeducation and Problem-Posing education. Banking education was looked at with the idea that the teacher was the higher power and the student was simply an object where as in Problem-Posing education, the teacher and students both taught and learned the information together. Uniforms would help bring Problem-Posing teaching back into the classrooms of many schools. There would also be a large drop in the amount of teasing that goes on in school. When I asked my old roommate, Maureen Brillante, who attended Sacred Heart Academy about the benefits of going to a school with uniforms, one of the first things she said was that it prevents peoples feelings from being hurt since everyone is wearing the same thing. There is a lot less gossip about clothes and it is much harder to judge people when everyone looks the same. The atmosphere around the whole school just seems brighter that way, she said with a big smile on her face. Having gone to an elementary school that did not have uniforms, Maureen experienced both worlds and found uniforms made high school that much easier to get through. Decisions, Decisions. Should I go home and get my homework done or should I go to the mall and get those new shoes I saw online the other day? Uniforms would help to eliminate one of these decisions. If you had to wear a uniform to school, maybe you would not be in such a rush to go buy the latest clothing, after all, you really cant even wear it to school. This gives a student more time for homework and studying. A great deal of studying and focusing is needed to succeed in school, which Richard Rodriguez emphasizes greatly in his essay The Achievement of Desire. The boy needs to spend more and more time studying, each night enclosing himself in the silence permitted and required by intense concentration. Without this concentration Rodriguez speaks of, a students grades are bound to suffer. Another benefit of uniforms is that you will save money because you wont be buying half the amount of clothes that you normally would be if you did not need to wear a uniform. This idea didnt even cross my mind until my interview with Maureen. In the long run, you really start to save money. A few outfits for the weekends are all you really need, and unless the school changes uniforms while youre there, you can pretty much wear your same uniform for as long as you can fit into it. There is also a lot more time in the mornings to wake up and have a healthy breakfast because you dont have to worry about picking out an outfit to wear. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day and I can say that there were many occasions where I skipped breakfast simply because I was running late and picking out clothes seemed to be the bigger picture at that time. I know when I was in high school, some girls came to school late or didnt come at all because they couldnt find an outfit they wanted to wear. Ridiculous? I think so. What did the wearing of school uniforms accomplish? It directly interfered with gangs, gang colors, gang associations, gang affiliations that tended to have more control over the students than either teachers or parents . . . School uniforms did away with such extra curricular activities as thievery. It is not uncommon for the police to receive calls from irate parents regarding their childs loss of an expensive clothing article. School uniformity focuses the attention on where it belongs: academics. You can find the important point that uniforms create less of a boundary to cross when it comes to what kids wear to school on the Holden Police Department web page. There are fewer rules at a school with uniforms simply because the section labeled Dress Code is either nonexistent or simply a brief section on how to wear your uniform properly. Gangs are brought into schools by the gangs members wearing their colors or their logos on their clothing. This brings together two worlds that just should never meet. Although I dont hear much about it these days, uniforms would give kids fewer things to want to steal in high school. Whether it be in the locker room or in lost-and-found, kids would be more honest, because who really wants to steal someone elses uniform? There would also be less shoplifting because kids would have enough money to buy the few outfits they need to wear outside of school. Sex-exploitation is another issue that would be eliminated with uniforms. Girls would not be allowed to wear such skimpy outfits to school, distracting less people, and creating better reputations for everyone. Less time would be spent in the schools main office and more time would be put into being in the classroom. Kids would have fewer ways to get detentions or even expulsion because inappropriate clothing would no longer exist. Forcing kids to find other ways to show their individuality would compel kids to think more about whom they are and not so much about what they wear. Although it may look as if its the cool thing to wear all the latest styles and be up on fashion, does it really seem worth it to risk getting simply an ok education? Where are those priorities of school work and studying for a test when you are out shopping at the mall? In the end it really does make the most sense to simply suck up the idea of wearing the same thing as every other girl or boy at your school and leave with a better education, and a better sense of seeing people for what and who they really are; not what they are or arent wearing. Imagining the idea of a school that one does not have to worry about what kids will say about their outfits, about whether or not what they are wearing is appropriate for school grounds or getting to the mall after school to buy that new sweater they saw in the AF catalogue (which means blowing off that tutoring secession they had to help raise their math grade), seems so far from reality and all that I knew in high school, yet at the same time seems like the ideal way to spend those four important years of high school, those four years in which all of your hard work pays off and gets you accepted into the number one college of your choice. That sounds like the perfect four years of high school to me. School Uniforms Essay Example for Free School Uniforms Essay A group of small boys and girls all warring the same colored uniforms assembled in front of a catholic school is what I imagine when thinking about school uniforms. This is probably what most people imagine. They have been attached to students of European and private schools. Such pictures of students dressing in school uniforms have led to stereotyping and a negative attitude towards schools enforcing a uniform policy. Displayed as robots without the ability to express them selves in a society that says you must express yourself and be an individual at all cost. The problem is that the cost to express yourself and be an individual is high in some cases, in Detroit, a 15-year-old boy was killed for his $86 basketball shoes (Tweeters 1997). I believe that cost is to high, it would be better to be laughed at and teased about warring a nerdy uniform, than to be shot by some gang member that did not like the color of the pants Im warring. School uniforms have been the cause of many jokes and harassment to those who wore them. In the past, public schools considered uniforms old and out dated trends, though recently many public schools are starting to implement and enforce a uniform policy. The implementation of a school uniform policy is important if we are still striving to improve our students. The arguments against them are fading while the positive reasons are promoting school uniforms and gaining ground. Some of the possible benefits are safety, cost, uniformity and competition in academics instead of fashions. The main argument against them is the need for students to express their individual selves; this argument is losing ground compared to the benefits of the uniform policy. Today many public schools are mandating and enforcing school uniforms for their students. San Antonio School district requires all 60,000 of its students to wear uniforms; over 60% of Fort Worths elementary schools require their students to ware uniforms (Radcliffe 1999). In 1995, the Texas legislature gave public school districts the authority to require uniforms under Texas State Law 11. 162 of the Texas Education Code. (Appendix A). The law however is a voluntary law; schools are not required to have a uniform policy. A Dallas attorney Domingo Garcia has filed a proposed legislation that would make it mandatory to wear uniforms in Grades k-12 in Texas (Ramos 1997). The first fundamental issue that school board officials and law makers should look at before they make new policies and laws concerning school uniforms is, will these new laws and policies have a positive impact on students overall performance. This would not be limited to academic performances only but should also include other socially learned behavior that will enhance the students ability to conform to the social norms needed to be successful in todays society. People for uniforms say that the academic performance has been and will increase by having the students ware them (Caruso 1996). A lessened degree of attention and concern with fashion will enable a better condition for serious study, as well as lesson the cultural and economic challenges of students and parents. (Cohn 1996, Paliokos 1996) Nathan Minster, a seventh grader at Country Day of Arlington said, Uniforms provide a better educational atmosphere, and symbolize school spirit. If all students dress alike, their attention will not focus on Johnnys new Tommy Hilfiger outfit. (Teeters 1996). Any situation that does not promote the improvement of students in school should be looked at and studied to find ways to change the situation. There are no positive aspects to worrying about not having the money to buy the coolest and newest fashions. Would it not be better to strive and worry about who can get the best grade or do the best science project. Is the reduction of crime going to help improve our students? We must agree that there is no part of our students lives that can be improved by the atmosphere of crime. We need to ask the question, What ought to be? When it comes to school and crime. How to deal with crime is one of the ethical questions all school administrators and lawmakers must address and act on accordingly. The statistics say that schools having a school uniform policy have seen a decrease in crime. Long Beach Unified School District was the first large urban school district in the United States to require school uniforms. They have seen substantial decreases in crime in the past five years since they have required uniforms. One incredible reduction was that sex offenses have decreased 93%. (Appendix B). The cost of implementing a uniform policy must also be looked at closely. The fact that all students have different degrees of economic status requires us to address this matter. If a student cannot afford uniforms would they not be able to go to school. Would it be better to have them spend all their money on uniforms so they could go to school, but because of that they dont have the money to participate in after school sports or social events. Maybe they would spend the money on uniforms instead of nutritious food, which could affect their health. The current Texas law does provide ways of providing uniforms for students who cannot afford to buy them. (Appendix A). The Long Beach Unified School District has privately funded over $160,000 for assistance to disadvantaged students. By doing this they have not put any financial burden on the taxpayers. The cost can be high, as it has been for the San Antonio School district, which has spent about $500,000 to outfit 90% of their students (Radcliffe 1999). Unlike Long Beach School District, San Antonios uniform policy has cost the taxpayers a lot of money. They ought to look at ways of reducing the cost to taxpayers, possible private funding from companies that participate in philanthropic programs. What are the ethical concerns for schools considering school uniforms? The nation has implemented school uniforms in about 25 percent of the public elementary, middle, and junior high schools according to the (California School News March 31,1997). The general improvements of the students who attend schools that requiring them to ware uniforms has shown an improvement. I can conclude from the improvements that we ought to have 100 percent of public schools starting uniform policies. I dont believe that waiting for years of research and study on this issue will change the outcome. Students are moving through school fast and to wait for years to go by before making this a policy can only lesson the improvement chances of the students who are currently in school. The motivation of this issue is not to infringe on students rights or burden parents with extra cost, but to simply improve the students. Do students have rights as part of the American populous? If so, what are there rights? Do they even have the right to choose to go or not to go to school, or is this, the rights of the parents and society? Our society is now more than ever concerned with our rights and feelings. Is a first graders mind able to use these rights for there best interest or is it up to the adult population? Parents are the ones who should teach and mentor the students in the spirit of the rights and how to use them for the good judgment and common sense. The Bible says, For I, too, was once a son, tenderly loved by my mother as an only child, and the companion of my father. He told me never to forget his words. If you follow them, he said, you will have a long and happy life. Learn to be wise, he said, and develop good judgment and common sense! I cannot overemphasize this point. (Proverbs 3: 3-5). Is it more important for us to make a place where the student can improve in the general sense compared to the First amendment claims that the students dont have the right of free expression? Any dress restriction that infringes on a students First Amendment right must be justified by a showing that the students attire materially disrupts school operation, infringes on the rights of others at the school, or otherwise interferes with any basic educational mission of he school (Grantham 1994). The legal aspect of requiring students to ware uniforms is a small matter if the majority of the parents back the policy. However, some will fight with every penny they have so that their kids will not have to ware the uniforms. The biggest legal issue is the First Amendments, right to free expression and the Fourteenth Amendment. They use this to say that the school has violated the students liberty to control his or her personal appearance ( Paliokos 1996). Stakeholders are involved in every part of this issue. Every person is a stakeholder. It will affect, children, adults, and elderly in one way or another, some more than others will. The children will be affected because they will have to ware the uniforms. Primary social stakeholders would be the students, parents, school employees and administrators, taxpayers, people opposed to and people for school uniforms. I dont have children but I am a stakeholder because if the uniform policy is voted on and passed the chances are my local school tax will increase to help pay for the new uniforms. Paying for the uniforms might not seem fair to someone in my position but if I look at the long term benefits of having our public schools improve the students I believe that the chances of a better society in my golden years is more likely to happen compared with the alternative of not improving the students. The improvement of students basic education holds very high stakes for all stakeholders. If a student receives a better education he/she will have a better chance and be better equipped to be part of our adult society in which they will have to abide by our standard. The responsibility of the schools and lawmakers is to improve students. They are also responsible to do this within a budget. This does mean there will be some compromises and restrictions to what and how they accomplish this task of improving the students. They must also stay within the legal aspects of our laws, which has been brought about by society from the past. If the laws are no longer valid they need to be changed for the current situations faced today by schools trying to improve students. Lets look at the stakeholders and what stakes they face. See stakeholder map Appendix C. Students, parents, teachers, school administrators, and the general society are the stakeholders we will look at although there are many more secondary stakeholders involved with this issue. What challenges, threats or opportunities do these stakeholders pose? What economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities do they have? We will start by looking at the students. The challenge they have has been a negative and stressful one, what to wear today? is a question that will no longer have to be asked each morning before school. The desire to have the coolest and newest fashions is no longer a challenge for the students who attend schools with uniform policies. The challenge to not be teased or laughed at is no longer there. Jacqueline Rios, a student at Glencrest Middle School said, The good thing about uniforms is that everybody wears the same color. And having uniforms is a lot better, because people cannot talk about and laugh at your clothes. (Teeter 1997). We do however have the threat that some of the opposing students will not comply which could cause discipline problems or even cause them to drop out of school. The opportunities for the students are all positive ones. Simply put they will have more opportunities to better themselves with academic issues because the priority of fashion standards is gone as Assistant Director of elementary school operations, Frankie Batts, said, Instead of worrying about their clothes or what everyone else is wearing, kids focus on math and reading, (Richardson 1995). Parents will also enjoy the decreasing challenge of keeping their kids in the newest fashions. The money issue will improve for them, Three outfits can run about $130, said Jan Underwood, owner of the U. T. W. Uniforms store in Fort Worth (Teeters 1997). Parents have had to struggle with deciding if what there kids are warring is proper. You might even ask, is it ethical to let my daughter go to school in an almost see-through and skintight outfit? The students being at a school with a uniform policy would now solve this problem. A possible threat from the parents would be from those who feel and believe that kids should be able to do and ware what they want and to force them to ware a uniform is a violation of their kids rights as well as the law. They do however seem to be the minority, most parents seem to support uniforms. The Longview Independent School district says they would support the decision for school uniforms if 75 to 80 percent of the parents were for it (Bell 2000). Teachers will have the challenge of enforcing the new uniform polices but it will be much easier then enforcing the current dress code. At most, schools the guidelines of a dress code can be subjective in determining if they meet the requirements. Lets say, if the school dress policy said that girls must ware skirts that go down to there knees and a student is seen warring one that does meet that requirement but it is see-through and she is not wearing underpants. This could cause a problem because the requirement is subjective. If the uniform policy was in effect this would not be because the see-through skirt would either be part of the uniform and accepted or not, it would now be an objective decision for the teacher to make, either it is a violation or not. One of the great opportunities that it would give the teachers is by having all the students dress alike they would be able to identify students who belong to the school and trespassers who dont. This is a great safety issue in todays times where it is important to regulate who comes on campuses. How about on a school field trip would it not be easier to identify your students in a crowd if you did not have to remember what everyone was warring. Say they were kidnapped would it not be easier to describe them to the police. School administrators have all the issues to deal with. They are the ones who are challenged to improve the students. They have the challenge to implement school policies like uniforms in an effort to improve students. Their decisions go from the smallest detail, what colors, what style, what material, all or which can have either positive or negative effects on other stakeholders. They must accomplish this and be able to stay within the legal, economic and ethical parameters that currently guide their decisions. What a privilege they have with this opportunity to improve students who will in turn improve society and possibly the entire world. Though this is a great opportunity, it is also a great responsibility to have. General society has a stake that is both short term and long term. On the short term, they will have to support the decisions of the uniform policies that are imposed upon the students and parents. Some of the long-term stakes would be requiring paying for some of the uniforms for students who cannot afford them. For the few who oppose the uniforms they will not have to compromise their beliefs so that their kids can get an education. The Texas 1995 law allows some exceptions to the rules with a written request that states a bona fide religious or philosophical objection to the requirement. (Appendix A) Some recommendations that should be looked at by schools before starting a uniform policy could help reduce the problems that occur from putting new policies into effect. They need to be able to justify the actions by demonstrating the link between a kind of dress and disruptive behavior or between a dress and improvements of the students. They should consult with the schools legal advisors to possible legal problems. Determine ways of enforcing the policy as well as what punishment would occur. Finding out what the parents and students think and involving them before the final starting date. They might try to find out what the students favorite color or type of material they want to use. They might even look at having some variety maybe two different colors. This way the students will feel included in the decisions and might not fight the policy, making the discipline problem smaller because they would be less likely to rebel. A financial study should be conducted prior to the policy to determine how much burden is going to be imposed on the school itself, how many students would require financial assistance with the cost of the uniforms. By keeping the primary stakeholders involved with the decisions prior to making the policy, schools have a better chance of success from the uniform policy. Appendix A Sec. 11. 162. School Uniforms. a) The board of trustees of an independent school district may adopt rules that require students at a school in the district to wear school uniforms if the board determines that the requirement would improve the learning environment at the school. (b) The rules the board of trustees adopts must designate a source of funding that shall be used in providing uniforms for students at the school who are educationally disadvantaged. (c) A parent or guardian of a student assigned to attend a school at which students are required to wear school uniforms may choose for the student to be exempted from the requirement or to transfer to a school at which students are not required to wear uniforms and at which space is available if the parent or guardian provides a written statement that, as determined by the board of trustees, states a bona fide religious or philosophical objection to the requirement. (d) Students at a school at which uniforms are required shall wear the uniforms beginning on the 90th day after the date on which the board of trustees adopts the rules that require the uniforms. Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg. , ch. 260, Sec. 1, eff. May 30, 1995. Appendix B GRADES K-8 SCHOOL CRIME REPORT SUMMARY Since the inception of required school uniforms in all Long Beach Unified School District elementary and middle schools, in September 1994, school crime here has dropped 86% percent. SCHOOL CRIME REDUCED 1993-94 Before Uniforms 1994-95 Uniforms Required 1995-96 2nd Year with Uniforms 1996-97 3rd Year with Uniforms 1997-98 4th Year with Uniforms 1998-99 5th Year With Uniforms Change K-8 Enrollment 57,497 58,376 59,822 62,039 63,602 65,451 +14% Assault/Battery* 319 214 53 47 46 82 Assault w/Deadly Weapon* 6 3 16 11 8 24 Sex Offenses 57 15 5 4 2 4 -93% Robbery/Extortion 34 12 13 5 3 5 -85%. Chemical Substances 71 29 24 20 27 37 -48% Weapons or Look A like 145 78 28 24 12 36 -75% Vandalism** 1,409 1,155 127 93 98 106 Dangerous Devices 46 23 1 2 0 2 -96% TOTAL 2087 1529 267 206 196 296 -86% *The statewide category of assault has been revised because of different interpretations of what constitutes assault. Verbal threats without physical contact were sometimes reported as assaults. There is also a new, expanded definition of assault with a deadly weapon. Reported now is any item that is actually used in an effort to inflict any bodily harm, i. e. a foot, a fist, a pencil or a comb. **Under the new California Safe Schools Assessment School Crime Report, only vandalism over $100 is included. Some prior years incidents were under $100, so the actual reduction is less than this. Appendix C Bibliography Resources Bell, Becky. LISD group focuses on school uniforms Longview News Journal 22 March 2000; Local California Leads nation in Public School Uniform Use. California School News 31 March 1997: 4 Caruso, Peter. Individuality vs. Conformity: The Issue Behind School Uniforms. NASSP Bulletin 8,581 September 1996: 83-88. Chon, Carl A. Mandatory School Uniforms. The School Administrator 53, 2 February 1996: 22-25 Grantham, Kimberly. Restricting Student Dress in Public Schools. School Law Bulletin 25, Winter 1994: 1-10 Long Beach Crime Report Summary. http://www. lbusd. k12. ca. us/ Paliokas, Kathleen L. Trying Uniforms On for Size. The American School Board Journal 183, 5 May 1996: 32-35 Proverbs. The Bible. The Living Bible. 3; 3-5 Radcliffe, Jennifer. Irving joins movement supporting required attire. Star Telegram 25 March 1999 http://netarrant. net/news/doc/1047/1:NEA/1:NEA032599. html Ramos, Cindy. Capitol moves San Antonio Express-News 1 April 1997 Metro- Education Express: 4B Richardson, Ginger. Student uniforms in vogue at schools in Fort Worth Officials report success of voluntary clothing programs. Fort Worth Star Telegram, 16 August 1995; Metro Teeters, Amy. Growing up in uniform style. Fort Worth Star-Telegram 18 February 1997: Class Acts: 9 Texas State Law 11. 162 of the Texas Education Code. http://www. tea. state. tx. us.

Molarity and Percent Solution Lab Essay Example for Free

Molarity and Percent Solution Lab Essay Objective: The objective of this lab was to determine the molarity and percent solution of a solution with an unknown concentration. Background: Molarity is the number of moles of a solute per liter of a solution. Percent solution is the percentage of a solute in a specific mass or volume of a solvent. A solute is a solid that gets dissolved in a solvent or a liquid that is a smaller amount than the solvent. A solvent is a liquid that dissolves the solute and it always is a larger amount. Solvation is when solute particles are surrounded by solvent molecules. A lab technique that was used during the lab was to boil the solution in order to separate the solute from the solvent. Materials List: 10mL graduated cylinder Solution with unknown concentration Hot plate Pipette Hot grip Scale 100mL beaker Procedure: 1. Obtain the solution with the unknown concentration from Mrs. Magdaleno. 2. Measure the volume of the solution by pouring it in the 10mL graduated cylinder. Use the pipette to take out solution in the graduated cylinder until the volume was at 6mL. Record it in the data table. 3. Measure the empty 100mL beaker using the scale. Record it in the data table. 4. Pour the solution in the 100mL beaker. 5. Find the mass of the beaker and solution using the scale. Make sure to subtract original beaker mass from the mass of the beaker and solution. 6. Boil the solution to separate the solute from the solvent by using the hot plate set to nine. 7. Once all the water has evaporated use the hot grips to remove the beaker from the hot plate and let cool. Find the mass of the beaker and solute using the scale. Make sure to subtract beaker mass from the beaker and solute mass. 8. Use the data from the data table to solve for molarity and percent solution. Observations: The water started to boil and evaporate when it was on the hot plate. It smelt like the salt was burning. Some salt spilled out on the lab station when the water completely evaporated. Data Table: |Volume of solution (L) |6mL=0.006L | |Mass of beaker (g) |68.95g | |Mass of solution and beaker(g) |75.06g | |Mass of solution(g) |6.12g | |Mass of solute and beaker(g) |69.41g | |Mass of solute(g) |0.46g | Results: A: Molarity B: Percent Solution Conclusion: The molarity that was calculated for the unknown solution was 1.31M. The percent solution that was calculated for the unknown solution was 7.52%. A procedural that would have led to a lower concentration value was when some salt spilled out onto the lab station after all of the water had evaporated from the beaker. Another error that would result in a higher concentration would be if the beaker was not dry when the mass was measured with the scale. Something that could be done differently to lead to a more accurate concentration would be to take the beaker off the hot plate sooner and not let the salt sit and burn or come out of the beaker.

Creating A Suitable Wing Box Structure Engineering Essay

Creating A Suitable Wing Box Structure Engineering Essay This report was written in the pursuit of creating a suitable wing box structure for AMYE, in which a suitable design for the structure has been researched. As a result of the design study on wing box loading cases and requirements imposed on the concept, a finished structure plan has been created. The finished design structure has been created in recognition of design criteria calling for a wing box able of carrying a 2.5kN bending load without any buckling, and a 5kN bending load before failure as final parameters. The analytical study of all options of design has shown how the number of stringers, stiffeners, and geometrical rivet spacing can all be used to vary and tailor the wing box structure in order to meet design parameters. The conclusion of the report is that in order to meet requirements to the fullest extent and simultaneously not have any over-design present in the structure, a dimensioned wing box plan has been formulated. Summarising, the wing box has 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short web plate, 7 stiffeners on the longer web plate, 2 spar webs and a rivet spacing of 30 mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria. Introduction Part of a wing box design, construction and testing process, this report will focus on a final wing box design for the AMYE company. The AMYE company has issued a request for a wing box design for one of their aircraft. This report will provide information on such a design. The design report will be influenced by findings done in the literacy report. AMYE will focus on designs meeting their needs and financial possibilities. Therefore, this report will provide information on the wing box design and choices made to come to this design. The report also meets AMYEs request for a construction proposal. There are certain requirements for the design of the wing box. This report contains a basic design as well as our own input to meet all the needs of the client. The goal is to make a basic design meeting all the requirements and then adding our own design choices making the design better in a way of for example lower weight, or lower production costs. There will also be a production plan cut out. Structure of the report is as follows. As in any design project, requirements are formulated first. After discussion of a number of key concepts, design is made based on calculations. From this design a construction plan is made, followed by a weight and cost estimation, which is to be reported to AMYE. Design Requirements Design of any aircraft component is based on the requirements imposed on the part. For the wing box load bearing capabilities AMYE has set clear requirements, being (Brugemann et all, 2010): The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 2,5 kN without buckling. The wing box has to withstand a tip load of 5,0 kN without failure. Buckling is allowed at this extreme situation. The design must be optimized with respect to weight and producibility. The number of stingers and rivets must therefore be kept as low as possible. It has to be taken into account that a structure that can withstand much higher loads than the 5 kN failure load is overdesigned. The wing box should have at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower skin, in order to avoid buckling in a reverse situation since landing causes compression in the lower skin of the wing box. Besides restrictions on load bearing capabilities, outer dimensions of the wing box have also been given. When these dimensions arent stuck to, proper testing is not possible and the design will be rejected. Dimensional restrictions are found in appendix A. (GENERAL DIAGRAM) Key concepts Throughout this report references will be made to a few key concepts. These concepts are discussed and explained below. Moment of inertia In order to calculate bending stress the moment of inertia is computed. The moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis is calculated through a variety of steps. First the position of the centroid without any attached stiffeners is calculated, together with effect of added stiffeners on the centroids position. This is done in excel in order to compute variable combinations to find the optimum in different configurations. The position for the centroid in vertical direction is given by where A is surface area in the cross section and y is the distance of a components centroid to a certain reference point (usually y=0). The moment of inertia is then calculated using the formula: In this formula dy is the distance between centroid and the centroid of the component. For rectangular shaped objects, as found in the wing box cross section, the formula the moment of inertia is as follows: The total moment of inertia is found by the summing the individual moments of inertia of each part of the wing box. The stringers are assumed to be made up of two perpendicular rectangles for purpose of calculations. The base shape of the wing box is assumed to be made of four individual rectangles, with stringers used in the four corners to hold the sheets together as shown [IMAGE REFERENCE]. The finished model has a change in moment of inertia as we add and subtract stringers to the top or the bottom of our structure. Thus by adding stringers to our model, we increase the moment of inertia of our structure and thus our structure is able to cope with higher loads. Compression shear buckling coefficients In order to relate sheet geometry and critical buckling stress, buckling coefficients are needed. Two coefficients are distinguished: compression buckling coefficient KC and shear buckling coefficient KS. Both coefficients vary with the ratio width:height (in which width>height) and clamping states of the sides of the area. Three clamping states are distinguished: clamped, hinged and free. From combinations of these clamping states different situations are created. For a wing box, shear buckling coefficient is used on web plates and compression buckling coefficient is used in the upper skin. On the web plates all stiffeners are assumed to be hinged supports. The connections to the upper and lower skin are considered clamped. This results in situations 2 for areas between stiffeners and situation A for outer areas, as shown in figure 2. Since the value of KS is bigger for A than for 2, all areas can be considered number 2 when considering failure (Brugemann et all, 2010). On the upper skin all connections to the clamps, spars and web plates are considered fixed as supports are deemed heavy and strong enough. Connections to stringers are considered hinged. This leads to situation 3 and 5 for the upper skin, as shown in figure 1 (Brugemann et all, 2010). Figures 1 and 2, showing the clamping states of the upper skin(1) and web plates(2) Loads As stated the wing box will be tested for tip loading. An illustration for such a tip load is shown in figure 3, with the tip load drawn in red. Resultant forces as shown in blue and green. Figure 3: A tip force (red) and resultant shear and normal forces From statics it is known that shear forces will be induced in the web plates of the torsion box to provide equilibrium of forces in y-direction. To provide moment equilibrium a force couple will act in the upper and lower skin, causing the former to be in compression and latter to be in tension (Wright Cooper, 2007). Shear force The approach taken to compute the number of stiffeners required on each web plate is as follows. First the forces which have to be dealt with by the web plates will be computed. After this the number of stiffeners required to cope with these forces without buckling will be calculated. The magnitude of the shear force in the web plates can be computed from equilibrium of moment around the y-axis, which states that the shear forces in the web plates are equal. Since the two shear forces together must equal P for equilibrium each shear force is equal to  ½P. From mechanics it is known that shear stress is shear force over area. Given that the web plates have a thickness t and a height of 2h we know the formula for the shear stress (Brugemann et all, 2010): Filling in the given values of P=2500N, h=75mm and t=0,8mm we find à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 10,42 MPa. However, at this point sweep of the wing hasnt been taken into account yet. The influence of wing sweep on the shear stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010): Filling in à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾(0à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °) = 10,42MPa gives à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 13,89 MPa . This is the shear stress the web plates of the wing box should be able to cope with without buckling. Now progress can be made to computing the number of stiffeners. Knowing the value of shear stress to be dealt with, a look at the shear stress at which plate buckling occurs is needed. The formula for the initial buckling stress is as follows (Brugemann et all, 2010): In which KS is the shear buckling coefficient, E is the E-modulus of the material used, t is the thickness of the material used and b is the stringer pitch. For the placement of the stiffeners the two web plates of the wing box have to be considered individually, since both differ in length. Since the wing box during testing is clamped over 110mm and 60mm the first web plate has an effective length of 1099 mm and the second an effective length of 1330mm. The stringer pitch can then be computed by dividing web plate length by the number of intervals on the plate. At this point the reader is referred to the key concept of the shear buckling coefficient, where the determination of the buckling situation is done. This assessment is used for determining the KS coefficient. The following table can be made up for various numbers of stiffeners on the shorter web plate: Number of stiffeners [-] Stiffener Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Ks[-] à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ [Mpa] 1 549,5 3,663333 8,4 1,289028 2 366,3333333 2,442222 8,8 3,038424 3 274,75 1,831667 9,4 5,769936 4 219,8 1,465333 9,8 9,399164 5 183,1666667 1,221111 10,3 14,22535 6 157 1,046667 10,8 20,30219 7 137,375 0,915833 8 122,1111111 0,814074 A similar table can be made up for the longer web plate of length 1330mm: Number of stiffeners [-] Stiffener Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Ks[-] à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ [Mpa] 1 665 4,433333 8,3 0,869668 2 443,3333333 2,955556 8,6 2,027478 3 332,5 2,216667 9 3,772053 4 266 1,773333 9,35 6,123037 5 221,6666667 1,477778 9,7 9,147228 6 190 1,266667 10,2 13,09217 7 166,25 1,108333 10,6 17,77056 8 147,7777778 0,985185 Comparing the values in the tables with the given shear stress of 13,89 MPa shows us that the shorter web plate will require five stiffeners and the longer web plate will require seven stiffeners. Normal forces The second reaction forces in the wing box to be taken into account are the normal forces in the upper and lower skin. The same approach is to be taken as in determining the number of stiffeners. First loads to be dealt with are determined, then the number of stringers is to be determined. The normal force at an arbitrary point of the wing box can be computed from the formula (Brugemann et all, 2010): In this formula M(x) is the internal moment at position x, y is the distance from the wing box neutral axis to position x and I is the moment of inertia of the wing box cross section. First the lower skin of the wing box will be considered. As stated previously, this plate is loaded in tension. A quick calculation will show the lower plate does not require any stringers. Assuming the load of 2500N is applied at the tip of the wing the moment at the wing root is 3,75 ÃÆ'- 106 Nmm. Given that the distance between the couple of forces in the lower skin and upper skin is 150mm, the tension and compression forces in the top and bottom skin are 25000N. To obtain the stress, force is divided by area (400mm width and 0,8 mm height) and a value of 78,125Mpa is found, some way under the yield strength of 345 MPa. However, to comply with requirement four, one stringer will be placed in the middle of the lower skin. To compute the allowable normal stress in the upper skin the assumption is made at this point that five stringers will be used in the upper skin. This results in a moment of inertia I of 6852580 mm4 for the wing box cross section and a distance y = 64,1mm. This assumption is to be checked later. Given the moment at the wing root, the distance y and the moment of inertia I the normal stress in the upper plate is à Ã†â€™CR = 35,08 MPa at most. Just as with the maximum shear force, wing sweep plays a role according to: Filling in the formula gives à Ã†â€™(30à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °) = 46,77 MPa. This is the stress from which onwards buckling is allowed. Now a look is to be taken at the number of stringers. It is assumed two spar webs will be equally spaced over 1330 mm, resulting in a spar web pitch of 443,33mm. Critical stress is determined for some numbers of stringers. This critical stress is given by (Brugemann et all, 2010): Given all this data the following table can be made: Number of Stringers Stringer Pitch [mm] a/b [-] Kc (5) [-] Kc (3) [-] à Ã†â€™ (5) [Mpa] à Ã†â€™ (3) [Mpa] 1 200 2,16665 4,2 5,65 4,86528 6,54496 2 133,3333333 3,249975 3,8 5,25 9,90432 13,6836 3 100 4,3333 3,65 5,1 16,91264 23,63136 4 80 5,416625 3,6 5 26,064 36,2 5 66,66666667 6,49995 3,6 5 37,53216 52,128 6 57,14285714 7,583275 3,6 5 51,08544 70,952 The table shows six stringers equally spaced over the width of the wing box will prevent the upper skin from buckling. To double check we compute the moment of inertia of a wing box with six stringers (6770446 mm4) and the value for y (61,9mm). Filling in these values in the formula gives a normal compressive stress of 45,7 MPa, a value smaller than the allowable stress. Concluding, six stringers will be used in the upper skin. Inter rivet buckling An important aspect to keep into consideration when testing is inter rivet buckling, as this phenomenon causes almost instant failure. Therefore the rivets should be able to cope with the internal loads of the wing box at 5000N. Since rivet buckling only occurs in a state of compression, only the upper sheet is considered. Failure will occur when our wing box cannot withstand the maximum stress. To calculate the maximum stress, formula 7 is used. Again the sweep must be taken into account, so using formula 8: This is the maximum stress the wing box has to handle. Looking at this value we know that the aluminium will not fail because the yield stress of aluminium is 345 MPa. So the wing box will fail at the rivets. If the wing box is designed to withstand a tip load of 5 kN, then the rivets have to withstand a stress of 91,43 MPa. Inter rivet distance and inter rivet buckling stress are related through (Brugemann et all, 2010): à Ã†â€™MAX = In this formula c gives the end-fixity coefficient, which has a value of 2,1 for the pop-rivets to be used. Parameter s gives the spacing between rivets and t is the skin thickness. Rewriting this formula for s gives So with a c = 2,1, t = 0,8mm, E = 72400 MPa and a = 130.1MPa the spacing between two rivets becomes 30,95 mm. However, assembly precision only goes as far a whole millimetres, so for the simplification of fabrication the inter rivet spacing is set at s = 30 mm. Final design Summarizing, key aspects of our wing box are as follows. Width and height of the box are 400mm and 150mm respectively. The longer side of the wing box measures 1500mm and the shorter side 1269mm, with the deficit in length being caused by a 30à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° cutaway at one end. On the shorter web plate, five stringers will be spaced equally over a distance of 1099mm, spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway. On the longer web plate, seven stringers will be equally positioned over a distance of 1330mm, again spanning from 60mm out from the perpendicular edge to 110mm out from the edge connecting to the cutaway. Inside the wing box, two spar webs will be positioned at a distance of 503,3mm and 946,66mm from the perpendicular edge. Through these spar webs one additional stringer will run over the bottom sheet and six additional stringers will run over the upper sheet, each spaced equally over the full width of the wing box. Finally, construction will be done through riveting, with the rivets being spaced 30mm from each other. TECHNICAL DRAWING ARE FOUND IN APPENDIX B. Failure modes One of the most important things in this wing design is knowing how and when the box will fail. Of course there are different failure modes and all of them have to be taken in to account. An important note: fatigue is not considered yet. The most important failure modes are described below. All the modes are considered for the design. It is necessary to know with stresses are in the design and at which stresses the design will fail, in order to make a good design. Also sweep has been taking into account, as stated in the design. According to J. Loughlan (1996) it is important to know where the stiffeners are. If the stiffeners are placed beyond the optimum value, then they have no function. The stiffeners then simply add weight, without having a function. Loughlan also states that adding a four percent of weight for stiffeners, causes a box to yield a buckling capacity that is three times higher than the buckling capacity of an unstiffened box. Nagendra et al (1994)experienced that all panels, with our without holes, always fail at or near the stiffeners, at places with high bending gradients. Allow a skin to buckle has weight advantages with respect to the non-buckling designs (Lynch, 2004) Compression skin buckling of the top skin The upper skin is loaded in compression due to the bending moment. The bending moment differs with the distance to the wing tip. Thus if the bending moment is too high, buckling will occur. To prevent this, stiffeners and stringers are placed in the design. As stated the allowable skin stress at which buckling occurs is given by formula 9. Kc can differ for each part of the box. Six stringers are used on the top side, with a Kc-value of 3,6 at line number 5. This means that the top skin can cope with a 51,08 Mpa stress without buckling, while the calculated maximum stress that will occur is 45,7 MPa. Shear Buckling of the spar webs Another failure mode is shear buckling of the spar webs. This occurs at the parts that should reinforce the design, the spar webs. In other words, when those reinforcements fail, the whole structure will fail. The initial buckling stress is given in formula 6. Line number 2 is used, with Ks having a value of 10,6 for the longer web plate(7 stiffeners used). This gives a shear stress of 17,77 Mpa where the longer web plate can cope with. For the shorter web plate a Ks of 10,3 is used( 5 stiffeners). So the shorter web plate can cope with a stress of 14,225 MPa. Both calculated values are higher than the shear stress in the plates (13,89 MPa). Since the shear stress is constant in the all the whole web plates, in this case it is most likely to fail at the shorter web plate. Inter rivet buckling Inter rivet buckling occurs at a high compression stress. Its possible to calculate the stress at which it occurs as given by formula 10. Since the space between the rivets is unknown and can be varied, this probably will the most important failure mode. As stated before the maximum compression stress in the whole structure is 91,422 MPa. This gives a rivet spacing of 30,95 mm. To make sure inter rivet buckling does not occur, 30mm spacing is used. The failure stress will then be 97,3 MPa. So thats the value at which it fails. 97,3MPa/ (4/3) = 72,979 Mpa gives a tip force of 5321N at which inter rivet buckling will occur. Allowable tension stress in the lower skin The upper skin is not the only side that can fail, logically. Thus the lower skin has to be taken in to account as well. The lower skin is loaded in tension. The stress can be calculated using formula 7. The centroid lies, due to the stringers 13,1mm above the neutral axis. The point where the maximum stress will occur is closest to the root, since there the largest moment occurs. The maximum stress in the lower skin is then -(5000ÃÆ'-1500ÃÆ'-(74+13.1))/6770446 = 97,5968 MPa. Taking sweep into account this gives a value of (4/3)ÃÆ'-97,5968 = 130,1 MPa. This is way lower than the ultimate stress of aluminum (483 MPa). Clamping effects For the purpose of testing the wing box will be clamped at both sides as shown in figure 4. The wing box will be attacked to the test clamp structure through the use of bolts. This clamping has an effect on the overall loads experienced by the wing box structure (Yan, 1999) showing that the clamping the wing box helps the wing box experience lower loads. These clamping effects have been taken into account when considering maximum load calculations, through the form of change in KC. By selecting the appropriate KC for application, in this case a two side hinged and two side clamped, KC line 5 (Brà ¼gemann et al 2010, p28), clamping effects can be taken into account on the loads and further calculations, to accurately predict failure. Figure 4, showing a clamped wing box during testing Production plan Construction activities Weight estimates Knowing the weight estimate for an aircraft component is crucial in the design process since weight plays a crucial role in terms aircraft performance, mainly fuel consumption, range, endurance, load capacity and speed. A light but robust wing box is designed to withstand the maximum wing load. It is important that estimation of the weight of the wing box is accurate. According to design plans, the wing box consists of a total of 11 stringers, 12 stiffeners and 753 rivets. Since the wing box is shaped as a trapezoid, the stringers will have different lengths and therefore need to be calculated accordingly. Taking into account the geometrical property of a trapezoid, it can be deduced that the average length of the stringers can be found by summing the longest and shortest stringers and dividing it by two. Now knowing the shape of the stringer, we can estimate its weight by using the average length, width of 20mm and thickness 3mm(considering a à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ´ shaped stringers as a bar when folded). Since the stiffeners have same lengths, weight is relatively easy to calculate. To find the net gain/loss of the rivets and holes, we need to deduct the weight of sheet metal when drilled away for rivets and add the weight of rivets. And finally the weight of the sheet metal will be calculated. Cost estimates To have an accurate estimation of the wing box structure, three things need to be taken into account, how much aluminum was used in the metal plating, the price of stringers/stiffeners and how many rivets are used. Also, we need a small surplus of rivets in order to buffer the human error involved during the manufacturing procedure. In the wing box, 1,65m2 of aluminum sheet metal is needed, however, the metal sheet needs to be big enough so that the 2D design of wing box can be cut out. Therefore the appropriate sheet metal has the dimension of 2,5m X 1,25m and costs 53,19 euros (Metals4U). In the construction of a wing box, a total of 17029,5mm of stringer/stiffener was used. The price of 5000mm of stringer/stiffener is 12,57 euros (Metals4U). Because it is not possible to purchase less than 5000 mm of stringer/stiffener, four 5000mm stringer/stiffener needs to be purchased. This will in total cost 50,26 euros. 753 rivets are needed for the wing box. Because it is only possible to purchase rivets in bulk, 800 rivets will be bought for both practical reasons and as a buffer. One hundred 3mm diameter rivets cost 4,43 euros per 100 rivets (Rivets Aluminium 4.0 x 10 5985). For 800 rivets, the cost will be 35,44 euros. Excluding manual labor wages for the students, the total cost for manufacturing the groups wing box is 138,89 euros. Conclusion This report has discussed the design of a wing box. The objective of this report was to design a wing box that is able to withstand a tip load of 2,5kN without buckling, a tip load of 5,0kN without failure (buckling is allowed), with at least one intermediate stringer attached to the lower skin. The design has to be optimized with respect to weight and producibility. From our calculations it was concluded that the final wing box will have 6 stringers, 5 stiffeners on the short web plate, 7 stiffeners on the longer web plate and 2 spar webs. The construction will be done through riveting, with a rivet spacing of 30mm all equidistant in order to meet criteria. By calculating the weight of each individual part and adding them up altogether, the weight of the wing box could be calculated. The weight estimation showed a total weight of 5,98 kg. In a similar way, the cost estimation was done, showing a total cost of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 138,89 A production plan has been produced describing the list of activities to be performed by a team of 11 people. Bibliography Brugemann et all, V. (2010). AE1200 Project Manual Design and Construction. Delft. Loughlan, J. (1996, May). The buckling of composite stiffened box sections subjected to compression and bending. Elsevier, 35(1), 101-116. Lynch, C. (2004, October). The computational post buckling analysis of fuselage stiffened panels loaded in compression. Elsevier, 42(10), 1446-1464. Nagendra. (1994). Buckling and failure characteristics of compression-loaded stiffened composite panels with a hole. Elsevier, 28(1), 1-17. Wright, J., Cooper, J. (2007). Introduction to Aircraft Aeroelasticity and loads. John Wiley and Sons. List of figures Figure 4 Van den Bos, 2010, Tips and tricks for modelling a wing box

Antimatter :: physics antimatter matter

What is Antimatter? Albert Einstein came up with the famous equation, E=mc^2 And thus defined mass as highly concentrated energy. With sufficiently high concentrations of energy, that energy can form matter. However when this matter is created it is balanced out by the creation of antimatter. When matter and antimatter come into contact they annihilate each other and release large amounts of energy. A teaspoon of antimatter, reacting with matter, would run a car continuously for 100,000 years. Not all particles have equivalent or rather, separate antiparticles. The electron and proton, as well as quarks, have antiparticles, such as the positron and antiproton because they have a charge to reverse. The neutron has an antiparticle because, although it has no charge, it has a magnetic moment to which the antineutron is opposite. The photon, however has only mass and directional velocity, thus there is no antiphoton. Protons and neutrons also have a baryon number and their antiparticles have an equal but opposite baryon number. The History of Antimatter The existence of Antimatter was first predicted when Paul Dirac combined quantum theory and special relativity in one equation. This equation, however presented two 'solutions' to the electron. Dirac interpreted this to mean that not only was there an negatively charged electron, but there was a positively charged antielectron which had all the characteristics of an electron but an opposite charge. In 1932 Carl Anderson detected the first antielectron. While studying the tracks of cosmic particles Anderson noted a track left be something with the exact same mass as an electron, but with a positive charge. It wasn't until 1955 that the first antiproton was detected. This discovery rested on the Ernest Lawrence's creation of the Bevatron which could accelerate two protons and collide them at energies of 6.2 MeV (Mega electron Volts). The detection of the antineutron came 5 years later in 1960. It wasn't until 1955 that the first antiproton was detected. This discovery rested on the Ernest Lawrence's creation of the Bevatron which could accelerate two protons and collide them at energies of 6.2 MeV (Mega electron Volts). The detection of the antineutron came 5 years later in 1960. The next step in testing the symmetry between matter and antimatter was resolved concurrently by CERN and the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1965 with the creation of the antidueteron. A deuteron is a nucleus from by a proton and a neutron, the antidueteron was formed by combining an antiproton and an antineutron. Antimatter :: physics antimatter matter What is Antimatter? Albert Einstein came up with the famous equation, E=mc^2 And thus defined mass as highly concentrated energy. With sufficiently high concentrations of energy, that energy can form matter. However when this matter is created it is balanced out by the creation of antimatter. When matter and antimatter come into contact they annihilate each other and release large amounts of energy. A teaspoon of antimatter, reacting with matter, would run a car continuously for 100,000 years. Not all particles have equivalent or rather, separate antiparticles. The electron and proton, as well as quarks, have antiparticles, such as the positron and antiproton because they have a charge to reverse. The neutron has an antiparticle because, although it has no charge, it has a magnetic moment to which the antineutron is opposite. The photon, however has only mass and directional velocity, thus there is no antiphoton. Protons and neutrons also have a baryon number and their antiparticles have an equal but opposite baryon number. The History of Antimatter The existence of Antimatter was first predicted when Paul Dirac combined quantum theory and special relativity in one equation. This equation, however presented two 'solutions' to the electron. Dirac interpreted this to mean that not only was there an negatively charged electron, but there was a positively charged antielectron which had all the characteristics of an electron but an opposite charge. In 1932 Carl Anderson detected the first antielectron. While studying the tracks of cosmic particles Anderson noted a track left be something with the exact same mass as an electron, but with a positive charge. It wasn't until 1955 that the first antiproton was detected. This discovery rested on the Ernest Lawrence's creation of the Bevatron which could accelerate two protons and collide them at energies of 6.2 MeV (Mega electron Volts). The detection of the antineutron came 5 years later in 1960. It wasn't until 1955 that the first antiproton was detected. This discovery rested on the Ernest Lawrence's creation of the Bevatron which could accelerate two protons and collide them at energies of 6.2 MeV (Mega electron Volts). The detection of the antineutron came 5 years later in 1960. The next step in testing the symmetry between matter and antimatter was resolved concurrently by CERN and the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1965 with the creation of the antidueteron. A deuteron is a nucleus from by a proton and a neutron, the antidueteron was formed by combining an antiproton and an antineutron.